| Sterile swab | Synthetic swab tip with a plastic or wooden shaft; supplied sterile for microbiological work. | Swab a defined surface area using consistent pressure and strokes, then place the swab in the appropriate labeled transport tube. | Surface microorganisms, residue, or targeted material where only a small sample is needed. | Lightweight, low-cost, and suitable for sampling small or hard-to-reach surfaces. | Samples only the contacted surface and may not represent material deeper in the nest. Use a new sterile swab for each sample. |
| Scoop or spatula | Stainless steel, disposable plastic, or sterile single-use material. | Take a small portion from a specified location or depth and transfer it to a clean, labeled container. | Loose nest debris, soil-like material, food residue, or other bulk samples. | Simple to use and allows collection of a larger quantity than a swab. | Can disturb nest structure and mix material from different layers. Clean reusable tools between samples to reduce cross-contamination. |
| Fine-point forceps | Stainless steel or disposable plastic; tips may be straight or angled. | Pick up individual fragments or visible organisms and place them in a suitable vial or container. | Discrete fibers, small debris, eggs, or larger visible arthropods that need to remain intact. | Offers precise handling and helps avoid collecting excess surrounding material. | Slow for collecting many small specimens. Avoid crushing delicate organisms; disinfect or replace forceps between samples. |
| Suction aspirator | Plastic or glass collection chamber, tubing, and a filter; hand-operated models are available. | Draw small mobile organisms into a collection chamber using controlled suction; use a filter to prevent specimens entering the tubing. | Small mobile arthropods that are difficult to pick up individually. | Can collect small, active specimens quickly while limiting direct handling. | May injure fragile specimens or draw in unwanted debris. Use a filtered, hand-operated device; do not use mouth suction for unknown or potentially hazardous material. |
| Core or tube sampler | Stainless steel or rigid plastic tube, sometimes with a removable liner. | Press the tube into soft, compact material to collect a narrow core, then remove and seal the sample. | Layered or compact nest material when depth and vertical structure matter. | Can preserve information about sample depth and layers better than a surface scoop. | Not suitable for every nest structure and may cause substantial disturbance. Clean the tube between locations and record sampling depth. |
| Collection tray or removable liner | Clean plastic, stainless steel, or disposable paper liner, depending on the study and sample type. | Position beneath a nest area or sample-processing point to catch naturally falling or carefully removed loose material. | Loose fragments or material that can be collected without targeting individual particles. | Reduces direct contact with the sampling surface and makes transfer to a container straightforward. | May collect mixed or unrepresentative material and can miss particles that do not fall. Use a clean liner for each sample. |